We report the discovery and genome sequence of MUWow, an AY-cluster temperate bacteriophage with siphovirus morphology. MUWow was isolated from a soil sample from Columbus, MS, USA in 2024. It has a genome size of 55, 034 bp with 94 predicted protein-encoding genes, 53 of which are assigned putative functions.
","acknowledgements":"We thank the Science Education Alliance program and community for their training and continuous support, including careful review of the genome annotation and manuscript.
","authors":[{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"bburnes01@gmail.com","firstName":"Philip J","lastName":"Evans","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"bburnes01@gmail.com","firstName":"Jess H","lastName":"Collins","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"bburnes01@gmail.com","firstName":"Cadie","lastName":"Wright","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"bburnes01@gmail.com","firstName":"Nykeria J","lastName":"Pratt","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"bburnes01@gmail.com","firstName":"Kaliyah J","lastName":"Moore","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"bburnes01@gmail.com","firstName":"Benjamin","lastName":"Onyeagucha","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0000-0002-2108-0439"},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"bburnes01@gmail.com","firstName":"Robert","lastName":"Sample","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"dcrossley@muw.edu","firstName":"Davida","lastName":"Crossley","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0009-0000-7371-8871"},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["conceptualization","investigation","project","supervision","writing_originalDraft","writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"bburnes01@gmail.com","firstName":"Brian S","lastName":"Burnes","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0009-0009-6715-776X"}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":{"url":null},"extendedData":[],"funding":"This work was supported by the Mississippi INBRE, funded by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM103476. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of General Medical Sciences or the National Institutes of Health.
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/b48e2a0f86ffe93b9e491917c4b6cd37.png"},"imageCaption":"The 3 forward reading frames are shown in light shading, the 3 reverse reading frames are shown in dark shading, and trans-membrane proteins are shown in diagonal fill. Six phams are fully conserved across the cluster: the ssDNA-binding protein, helix-turn-helix DNA binding protein domain, DNA helicase, DNA polymerase sliding clamp, and RusA-like resolvase.
","imageTitle":"Genome annotation of phage MUWow
","methods":"","reagents":"","patternDescription":"Actinobacteriophages are known to be genetically diverse, and the isolation and characterization of novel actinobacteriophages contribute to our growing understanding of co-evolutionary dynamics and the development of phage therapy applications (Pope et al, 2015; Pedulla et al, 2003; Millhaven et al., 2023; Strathdee et al., 2023). We present the genome of MUWow, a bacteriophage isolated in 2024 from a soil sample collected in Columbus, Mississippi (GPS coordinates 33.493021 N, 88.419611 W), using Arthrobacter globiformis B-2979 as the isolation host.
Following standard procedures (Poxleitner et al., 2018), approximately 15 cm3 of soil was suspended in 35 mL PYCa medium and shaken at 37°C at 250 rpm for 2 h, followed by centrifugation at 2,000 g and vacuum filtration (0.22 µm filter) of the supernatant. This filtrate was inoculated with A. globiformis B-2979 and incubated at 30°C for 5 days at 250 rpm. An aliquot was spun at 14,000 g, filtered, and the filtrate plated in PYCa top agar containing A. globiformis B-2979. After 48 h, MUWow formed clear plaques with defined edges 2 mm +/- 0.1 mm (n=25) in diameter and was purified through two rounds of plating.
DNA was extracted from a lysate (Wizard DNA Clean-up kit, Promega), prepared for sequencing (NEBNext Ultrall FS kit), and sequenced (Illumina NextSeq 1000, XLEAP-P1 reagents) resulting in 1,536,867 single-end 100-bp reads with 2,633-fold coverage. Raw reads were trimmed with cutadapt 4.7 (using the option: –nextseq-trim 30) and filtered with skewer 0.2.2 (using the options: -q 20 -Q 30 -n -l 50) prior to assembly. (Martin, 2011; Jiang et al., 2014; Wick et al., 2017; Gordon et al., 1998) As described by Russell (Russell, 2018), the genome was assembled (Newbler v2.9) (Margulies et al., 2005) and checked for completeness and genome termini (Consed v29.0) (Gonrdon et al., 1998), resulting in a genome 55,034 bp in length with 9-bp 3’ single-stranded overhang ends and a GC content of 62.4%.
Using standard procedures (Pope et al., 2017), the software DNA Master v5.23.6 (Pope et al, 2018), Genemark v2.5p (Lukashin et al., 1998), and Glimmer v3.02 (Delcher et al., 1999) were used to automatically predict 98 putative protein-encoding genes. Start sites were refined using Starterator v485 (Pacey, 2016) and Blastp v2.13.0 (Altschul et al., 1990) alignments against the Actinobacteriophage protein database (Russell and Hatfull, 2017) and NCBI non-redundant protein sequences databases (Camacho et al, 2009). No tRNA genes were found using Aragornv1.2.41 (Laslett and Canback, 2004) and tRNAscan-SE v2.0 (Lowe and Eddy, 1997). A total of 53 genes were assigned putative functions using BLASTp v2.13.0, Phamerator (Creshawn et al, 2011), and HHPRED (searching against PDB_mmCIF70, SCOPe70, Pfam-A, and NCBI_Conserved_Domains databases) (Soding et al., 2005). deepTMHMM v1.0.24 (Krogh et al., 2001) and SOSUI (Hirokawa et al., 1998) detected 12 membrane proteins. Using the gene content similarity (GCS) tool at the Actinobacteriophage database and based on GCS of at least 35% of phages in the database, MUWow is assigned to the AY cluster (Pope et al., 2017; Jacobs-Sera et al., 2020). All software used default settings. The annotated genome is presented in Fig. 1.
As with other AY phages, all predicted genes are transcribed unidirectionally with the exception of a central region of genes transcribed in the reverse direction (Adams et al, 2025). MUWow is similar to other Cluster AY genomes which are organized with genes involved in structure and assembly in the first third of the genome, followed closely by genes involved in lysis, and then by genes associated with lysogeny towards the center of the genome (Adams et al, 2025). Genes related to recombination/replication are at the beginning of the last third of the genome.
The MUWow genome (55,034 bp) is characteristic of AY phages, which range from 49,447bp to 56,481 bp. It has a GC content of 62.4%, placing it in the bottom half of Cluster AY (62.1-63.6), and 99 genes, slightly above the median in the Cluster AY range of 89 to 104 genes. Similar to nearly all other Cluster AY phage, MUWow has 9-base 3’ single-stranded ends with the sequence CGCCGGTGA. It encodes 6 phams that are fully conserved across the cluster (ssDNA-binding protein, helix-turn-helix DNA binding protein domain, DNA helicase, DNA polymerase sliding clamp, and RusA-like resolvase). MUWow has two transmembrane proteins flanking its endolysin and a putative holin. The conservation of these flanking genes and its proximity to the lysin and holin genes suggests a role in phage lysis. All phages in the cluster encode genes associated with lysogeny, including 2 tyrosine integrases, one in the forward direction and the second downstream in the reverse direction. Downstream of these integrases, MUWow also contains a gene that is conserved across AY phages and has, in some instances, been functionally assigned as an excise. The presence of both tyrosine integrases and excise suggests MUWow may be temperate, which is consistent with experimental data demonstrating lysogen formation for other cluster AY phages (Hussain et al, 2025; Boyle, 2026).
Data availability
MUWow is available at GenBank under the accession No. SAMN50696127 and at the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under SRR35152158.
","references":[{"reference":"Adams, S.; Burnes, B.; Gavin, H.; Hare, R.; Melton, J.; Ng, R.; Perez, T.; Stoulig, T.T.; Anders, K.R.; Page, S. 2025. Cluster AY Annotation Report. HHMI Science Education Alliance (SEA) Faculty Group, (Version 2.0). QUBES Educational Resources. doi:10.25334/Q2KF-HF29.
","pubmedId":"","doi":""},{"reference":"Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology 215: 403-410.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"reference":"Boyle, F., Sarah, S. 2026. Successful Lysogen Formation for Cluster AY Phage, Mapleville. HHMI Science Education Alliance (SEA) Faculty Group, QUBES Educational Resources. doi: 10.25334/JG78-Z971.
","pubmedId":"","doi":""},{"reference":"Camacho C, Coulouris G, Avagyan V, Ma N, Papadopoulos J, Bealer K, Madden TL. 2009. BLAST+: architecture and applications. BMC Bioinformatics 10: 10.1186/1471-2105-10-421.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1186/1471-2105-10-421"},{"reference":"Cresawn SG, Bogel M, Day N, Jacobs-Sera D, Hendrix RW, Hatfull GF. 2011. Phamerator: a bioinformatic tool for comparative bacteriophage genomics. BMC Bioinformatics 12: 10.1186/1471-2105-12-395.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1186/1471-2105-12-395"},{"reference":"Delcher A. 1999. Improved microbial gene identification with GLIMMER. Nucleic Acids Research 27: 4636-4641.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/27.23.4636"},{"reference":"Gordon D, Abajian C, Green P. 1998. Consed: A Graphical Tool for Sequence Finishing. Genome Research 8: 195-202.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1101/gr.8.3.195"},{"reference":"Hirokawa T, Boon-Chieng S, Mitaku S. 1998. SOSUI: classification and secondary structure prediction system for membrane proteins.. Bioinformatics 14: 378-379.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/bioinformatics/14.4.378"},{"reference":"Hussain, K.; Ali, R.; Perez, T. 2025. Successful Lysogen Formation for Cluster AY Phage, CookieBear. HHMI Science Education Alliance (SEA) Faculty Group, QUBES Educational Resources. doi:10.25334/N130-MH46.
","pubmedId":"","doi":""},{"reference":"Jacobs-Sera D, Abad LA, Alvey RM, Anders KR, Aull HG, Bhalla SS, et al., Hatfull. 2020. Genomic diversity of bacteriophages infecting Microbacterium spp. PLOS ONE 15: e0234636.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0234636"},{"reference":"Jiang H, Lei R, Ding SW, Zhu S. 2014. Skewer: a fast and accurate adapter trimmer for next-generation sequencing paired-end reads. BMC Bioinformatics 15: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-182.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1186/1471-2105-15-182"},{"reference":"Krogh A, Larsson Br, von Heijne G, Sonnhammer ELL. 2001. Predicting transmembrane protein topology with a hidden markov model: application to complete genomes11Edited by F. Cohen. Journal of Molecular Biology 305: 567-580.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1006/jmbi.2000.4315"},{"reference":"Laslett D. 2004. ARAGORN, a program to detect tRNA genes and tmRNA genes in nucleotide sequences. Nucleic Acids Research 32: 11-16.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkh152"},{"reference":"Lowe TM, Eddy SR. 1997. tRNAscan-SE: A Program for Improved Detection of Transfer RNA Genes in Genomic Sequence. Nucleic Acids Research 25: 955-964.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/25.5.955"},{"reference":"Lukashin A. 1998. GeneMark.hmm: new solutions for gene finding. Nucleic Acids Research 26: 1107-1115.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/26.4.1107"},{"reference":"Pacey M. 2016. Starterator guide. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Available from: https://seaphages.org/media/docs/Starterator_Guide_2016.pdf
","pubmedId":"","doi":""},{"reference":"Pope WH, Bowman CA, Russell DA, Jacobs-Sera D, Asai DJ, Cresawn SG, et al., undefined. 2015. Whole genome comparison of a large collection of mycobacteriophages reveals a continuum of phage genetic diversity. eLife 4: 10.7554/elife.06416.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.7554/eLife.06416"},{"reference":"Pope WH, Mavrich TN, Garlena RA, Guerrero-Bustamante CA, Jacobs-Sera D, Montgomery MT, et al., Hatfull. 2017. Bacteriophages of\n Gordonia\n spp. Display a Spectrum of Diversity and Genetic Relationships. mBio 8: 10.1128/mbio.01069-17.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1128/mBio.01069-17"},{"reference":"Pope WH, Jacobs-Sera D. 2017. Annotation of Bacteriophage Genome Sequences Using DNA Master: An Overview. Methods in Molecular Biology,Bacteriophages : 217-229.
","pubmedId":"","doi":": 10.1007/978-1-4939-7343-9_16"},{"reference":"Margulies M, Egholm M, Altman WE, Attiya S, Bader JS, Bemben LA, et al., Rothberg. 2005. Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors. Nature 437: 376-380.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1038/nature03959"},{"reference":"Martin M. 2011. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet.journal 17: 10.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.14806/ej.17.1.200"},{"reference":"Milhaven M, Versoza CJ, Garg A, Cai L, Cherian S, Johnson K, et al., Pfeifer. 2023. Microbacterium Cluster EA Bacteriophages: Phylogenomic Relationships and Host Range Predictions. Microorganisms 11: 170.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms11010170"},{"reference":"Pedulla ML, Ford ME, Houtz JM, Karthikeyan T, Wadsworth C, Lewis JA, et al., Hatfull. 2003. Origins of Highly Mosaic Mycobacteriophage Genomes. Cell 113: 171-182.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00233-2"},{"reference":"Pope WH, Bowman CA, Russell DA, Jacobs-Sera D, Asai DJ, Cresawn SG, et al., undefined. 2015. Whole genome comparison of a large collection of mycobacteriophages reveals a continuum of phage genetic diversity. eLife 4: 10.7554/elife.06416.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.7554/eLife.06416"},{"reference":"Poxleitner M, Pope W, Jacobs-Sera D, Sivanathan V, Hatfull G. 2018. Phage discovery Guide. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD. Available from: https://seaphagesphagediscoveryguide.helpdocsonline.com/home.
","pubmedId":"","doi":""},{"reference":"Russell DA, Hatfull GF. 2016. PhagesDB: the actinobacteriophage database. Bioinformatics 33: 784-786.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/bioinformatics/btw711"},{"reference":"Russell DA. 2017. Sequencing, Assembling, and Finishing Complete Bacteriophage Genomes. Methods in Molecular Biology,Bacteriophages : 109-125.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4939-7343-9_9"},{"reference":"Soding J, Biegert A, Lupas AN. 2005. The HHpred interactive server for protein homology detection and structure prediction. Nucleic Acids Research 33: W244-W248.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gki408"},{"reference":"Strathdee SA, Hatfull GF, Mutalik VK, Schooley RT. 2023. Phage therapy: From biological mechanisms to future directions. Cell 186: 17-31.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.017"},{"reference":"Wick RR, Judd LM, Gorrie CL, Holt KE. 2017. Unicycler: Resolving bacterial genome assemblies from short and long sequencing reads. PLOS Computational Biology 13: e1005595.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005595"}],"title":"Genome Sequence of Arthrobacter globiformis B-2979 Phage MUWow
","reviews":[{"reviewer":{"displayName":"Victoria Frost"},"openAcknowledgement":false,"status":{"submitted":true}}],"curatorReviews":[]},{"id":"ca5a3df1-b0eb-4e8c-a90f-59b450cd7238","decision":"accept","abstract":"We report the discovery and genome sequence of MUWow, an AY-cluster temperate bacteriophage with siphovirus morphology. MUWow was isolated from a soil sample from Columbus, MS, USA in 2024. It has a genome size of 55,034 bp with 94 predicted protein-encoding genes, 53 of which are assigned putative functions.
","acknowledgements":"We thank the Science Education Alliance program and community for their training and continuous support, including careful review of the genome annotation and manuscript.
","authors":[{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"bburnes01@gmail.com","firstName":"Philip J","lastName":"Evans","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"bburnes01@gmail.com","firstName":"Jess H","lastName":"Collins","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"bburnes01@gmail.com","firstName":"Cadie","lastName":"Wright","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"bburnes01@gmail.com","firstName":"Nykeria J","lastName":"Pratt","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"bburnes01@gmail.com","firstName":"Kaliyah J","lastName":"Moore","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"bburnes01@gmail.com","firstName":"Benjamin","lastName":"Onyeagucha","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0000-0002-2108-0439"},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"rcsample01@gmail.com","firstName":"Robert","lastName":"Sample","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"dcrossley@muw.edu","firstName":"Davida","lastName":"Crossley","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0009-0000-7371-8871"},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["conceptualization","investigation","project","supervision","writing_originalDraft","writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"bburnes01@gmail.com","firstName":"Brian S","lastName":"Burnes","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0009-0009-6715-776X"}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":{"url":null},"extendedData":[],"funding":"This work was supported by the Mississippi INBRE, funded by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM103476. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of General Medical Sciences or the National Institutes of Health.
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/b48e2a0f86ffe93b9e491917c4b6cd37.png"},"imageCaption":"The 3 forward reading frames are shown in light shading, the 3 reverse reading frames are shown in dark shading, and trans-membrane proteins are shown in diagonal fill. Nine phams are fully conserved across the cluster: the portal protein (pham 307765), the head -to -tail adapter (pham 337836), the helix-turn-helix DNA binding protein domain (pham 336670), the SSB protein (pham 337856), the glutaredoxin/NrdH-like glutaredoxin/thioredoxin (pham 338233), the DNA helicase/methylase (pham 336516), a second helix-turn-helix DNA binding protein domain (pham 337870), the DNA polymerase III sliding clamp beta (pham 338056), and an additional conserved hypothetical protein (pham 338065) with no known function. Data analyzed September, 2026.
","imageTitle":"Genome annotation of phage MUWow
","methods":"","reagents":"","patternDescription":"Actinobacteriophages are known to be genetically diverse, and the isolation and characterization of novel actinobacteriophages contribute to our growing understanding of co-evolutionary dynamics and the development of phage therapy applications (Pope et al, 2015; Pedulla et al, 2003; Millhaven et al., 2023; Strathdee et al., 2023). We present the genome of MUWow, a bacteriophage isolated in 2024 from a soil sample collected in Columbus, Mississippi (GPS coordinates 33.493021 N, 88.419611 W), using Arthrobacter globiformis B-2979 as the isolation host.
Following standard procedures (Poxleitner et al., 2018), approximately 15 cm3 of soil was suspended in 35 mL PYCa medium and shaken at 37°C at 250 rpm for 2 h, followed by centrifugation at 2,000 g and vacuum filtration (0.22 µm filter) of the supernatant. This filtrate was inoculated with A. globiformis B-2979 and incubated at 30°C for 5 days at 250 rpm. An aliquot was spun at 14,000 g, filtered, and the filtrate plated in PYCa top agar containing A. globiformis B-2979. After 48 h, MUWow formed clear plaques with defined edges 2 mm +/- 0.1 mm (n=25) in diameter and was purified through two rounds of plating.
DNA was extracted from a lysate (Wizard DNA Clean-up kit, Promega), prepared for sequencing (NEBNext Ultrall FS kit), and sequenced (Illumina NextSeq 1000, XLEAP-P1 reagents) resulting in 1,536,867 single-end 100-bp reads with 2,633-fold coverage. Raw reads were trimmed with cutadapt 4.7 (using the option: –nextseq-trim 30) and filtered with skewer 0.2.2 (using the options: -q 20 -Q 30 -n -l 50) prior to assembly (Martin, 2011; Jiang et al., 2014; Wick et al., 2017; Gordon et al., 1998). As described by Russell (Russell, 2018), the genome was assembled (Newbler v2.9) (Margulies et al., 2005) and checked for completeness and genome termini (Consed v29.0) (Gonrdon et al., 1998), resulting in a genome 55,034 bp in length with 9-bp 3’ single-stranded overhang ends and a GC content of 62.4%.
Using standard procedures (Pope et al., 2017), the software DNA Master v5.23.6 (Pope et al, 2018), Genemark v2.5p (Lukashin et al., 1998), and Glimmer v3.02 (Delcher et al., 1999) were used to automatically predict 98 putative protein-encoding genes. Start sites were refined using Starterator v485 (Pacey, 2016) and Blastp v2.13.0 (Altschul et al., 1990) alignments against the Actinobacteriophage protein database (Russell and Hatfull, 2017) and NCBI non-redundant protein sequences databases (Camacho et al, 2009). No tRNA genes were found using Aragorn v1.2.41 (Laslett and Canback, 2004) and tRNAscan-SE v2.0 (Lowe and Eddy, 1997). A total of 53 genes were assigned putative functions using BLASTp v2.13.0, Phamerator (Creshawn et al, 2011), and HHPred (searching against PDB_mmCIF70, SCOPe70, Pfam-A, and NCBI_Conserved_Domains databases) (Soding et al., 2005). deepTMHMM v1.0.24 (Krogh et al., 2001) and SOSUI (Hirokawa et al., 1998) detected 12 membrane proteins. Using the gene content similarity (GCS) tool at the Actinobacteriophage database and based on GCS of at least 35% of phages in the database, MUWow is assigned to the AY cluster (Pope et al., 2017; Jacobs-Sera et al., 2020). All software used default settings. The annotated genome is presented in Fig. 1.
As with other AY phages, all predicted genes are transcribed unidirectionally with the exception of a central region of genes transcribed in the reverse direction (Adams et al, 2025). MUWow is similar to other Cluster AY genomes which are organized with genes involved in structure and assembly in the first third of the genome, followed closely by genes involved in lysis, and then by genes associated with lysogeny towards the center of the genome (Adams et al, 2025). Genes related to recombination/replication are at the beginning of the last third of the genome.
The MUWow genome (55,034 bp) is characteristic of AY phages, which range from 49,447bp to 56,481 bp. It has a GC content of 62.4%, placing it in the bottom half of Cluster AY (62.1-63.6), and 99 genes, slightly above the median in the Cluster AY range of 89 to 104 genes. Similar to nearly all other Cluster AY phage, MUWow has 9-base 3’ single-stranded ends with the sequence CGCCGGTGA. It encodes 9 phams that are fully conserved across the cluster: the portal protein (pham 307765), the head -to -tail adapter (pham 337836), the helix-turn-helix DNA binding protein domain (pham 336670), the SSB protein (pham 337856), the glutaredoxin/NrdH-like glutaredoxin/thioredoxin (pham 338233), the DNA helicase/methylase (pham 336516), a second helix-turn-helix DNA binding protein domain (pham 337870), the DNA polymerase III sliding clamp beta (pham 338056), and an additional conserved hypothetical protein (pham 338065) with no known function (Data analyzed September, 2026). MUWow has two transmembrane proteins flanking its endolysin and a putative holin. The conservation of these flanking genes and its proximity to the lysin and holin genes suggests a role in phage lysis. All phages in the cluster encode genes associated with lysogeny, including 2 tyrosine integrases, one in the forward direction and the second downstream in the reverse direction. Downstream of these integrases, MUWow also contains a gene that is conserved across AY phages and has, in some instances, been functionally assigned as an excise. The presence of both tyrosine integrases and excise suggests MUWow may be temperate, which is consistent with experimental data demonstrating lysogen formation for other cluster AY phages (Hussain et al, 2025; Boyle, 2026).
Data availability
MUWow is available at GenBank under the accession No. PX307277 and at the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under SRR35152158.
","references":[{"reference":"Adams, S.; Burnes, B.; Gavin, H.; Hare, R.; Melton, J.; Ng, R.; Perez, T.; Stoulig, T.T.; Anders, K.R.; Page, S. 2025. Cluster AY Annotation Report. HHMI Science Education Alliance (SEA) Faculty Group, (Version 2.0). QUBES Educational Resources. doi:10.25334/Q2KF-HF29.
","pubmedId":"","doi":""},{"reference":"Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology 215: 403-410.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"reference":"Boyle, F., Sarah, S. 2026. Successful Lysogen Formation for Cluster AY Phage, Mapleville. HHMI Science Education Alliance (SEA) Faculty Group, QUBES Educational Resources. doi: 10.25334/JG78-Z971.
","pubmedId":"","doi":""},{"reference":"Camacho C, Coulouris G, Avagyan V, Ma N, Papadopoulos J, Bealer K, Madden TL. 2009. BLAST+: architecture and applications. BMC Bioinformatics 10: 10.1186/1471-2105-10-421.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1186/1471-2105-10-421"},{"reference":"Cresawn SG, Bogel M, Day N, Jacobs-Sera D, Hendrix RW, Hatfull GF. 2011. Phamerator: a bioinformatic tool for comparative bacteriophage genomics. BMC Bioinformatics 12: 10.1186/1471-2105-12-395.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1186/1471-2105-12-395"},{"reference":"Delcher A. 1999. Improved microbial gene identification with GLIMMER. Nucleic Acids Research 27: 4636-4641.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/27.23.4636"},{"reference":"Gordon D, Abajian C, Green P. 1998. Consed: A Graphical Tool for Sequence Finishing. Genome Research 8: 195-202.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1101/gr.8.3.195"},{"reference":"Hirokawa T, Boon-Chieng S, Mitaku S. 1998. SOSUI: classification and secondary structure prediction system for membrane proteins.. Bioinformatics 14: 378-379.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/bioinformatics/14.4.378"},{"reference":"Hussain, K.; Ali, R.; Perez, T. 2025. Successful Lysogen Formation for Cluster AY Phage, CookieBear. HHMI Science Education Alliance (SEA) Faculty Group, QUBES Educational Resources. doi:10.25334/N130-MH46.
","pubmedId":"","doi":""},{"reference":"Jacobs-Sera D, Abad LA, Alvey RM, Anders KR, Aull HG, Bhalla SS, et al., Hatfull. 2020. Genomic diversity of bacteriophages infecting Microbacterium spp. PLOS ONE 15: e0234636.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0234636"},{"reference":"Jiang H, Lei R, Ding SW, Zhu S. 2014. Skewer: a fast and accurate adapter trimmer for next-generation sequencing paired-end reads. BMC Bioinformatics 15: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-182.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1186/1471-2105-15-182"},{"reference":"Krogh A, Larsson Br, von Heijne G, Sonnhammer ELL. 2001. Predicting transmembrane protein topology with a hidden markov model: application to complete genomes11Edited by F. Cohen. Journal of Molecular Biology 305: 567-580.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1006/jmbi.2000.4315"},{"reference":"Laslett D. 2004. ARAGORN, a program to detect tRNA genes and tmRNA genes in nucleotide sequences. Nucleic Acids Research 32: 11-16.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkh152"},{"reference":"Lowe TM, Eddy SR. 1997. tRNAscan-SE: A Program for Improved Detection of Transfer RNA Genes in Genomic Sequence. Nucleic Acids Research 25: 955-964.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/25.5.955"},{"reference":"Lukashin A. 1998. GeneMark.hmm: new solutions for gene finding. Nucleic Acids Research 26: 1107-1115.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/26.4.1107"},{"reference":"Pacey M. 2016. Starterator guide. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Available from: https://seaphages.org/media/docs/Starterator_Guide_2016.pdf
","pubmedId":"","doi":""},{"reference":"Pope WH, Bowman CA, Russell DA, Jacobs-Sera D, Asai DJ, Cresawn SG, et al., undefined. 2015. Whole genome comparison of a large collection of mycobacteriophages reveals a continuum of phage genetic diversity. eLife 4: 10.7554/elife.06416.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.7554/eLife.06416"},{"reference":"Pope WH, Mavrich TN, Garlena RA, Guerrero-Bustamante CA, Jacobs-Sera D, Montgomery MT, et al., Hatfull. 2017. Bacteriophages of\n Gordonia\n spp. Display a Spectrum of Diversity and Genetic Relationships. mBio 8: 10.1128/mbio.01069-17.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1128/mBio.01069-17"},{"reference":"Pope WH, Jacobs-Sera D. 2017. Annotation of Bacteriophage Genome Sequences Using DNA Master: An Overview. Methods in Molecular Biology,Bacteriophages : 217-229.
","pubmedId":"","doi":": 10.1007/978-1-4939-7343-9_16"},{"reference":"Margulies M, Egholm M, Altman WE, Attiya S, Bader JS, Bemben LA, et al., Rothberg. 2005. Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors. Nature 437: 376-380.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1038/nature03959"},{"reference":"Martin M. 2011. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet.journal 17: 10.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.14806/ej.17.1.200"},{"reference":"Milhaven M, Versoza CJ, Garg A, Cai L, Cherian S, Johnson K, et al., Pfeifer. 2023. Microbacterium Cluster EA Bacteriophages: Phylogenomic Relationships and Host Range Predictions. Microorganisms 11: 170.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms11010170"},{"reference":"Pedulla ML, Ford ME, Houtz JM, Karthikeyan T, Wadsworth C, Lewis JA, et al., Hatfull. 2003. Origins of Highly Mosaic Mycobacteriophage Genomes. Cell 113: 171-182.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00233-2"},{"reference":"Pope WH, Bowman CA, Russell DA, Jacobs-Sera D, Asai DJ, Cresawn SG, et al., undefined. 2015. Whole genome comparison of a large collection of mycobacteriophages reveals a continuum of phage genetic diversity. eLife 4: 10.7554/elife.06416.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.7554/eLife.06416"},{"reference":"Poxleitner M, Pope W, Jacobs-Sera D, Sivanathan V, Hatfull G. 2018. Phage discovery Guide. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD. Available from: https://seaphagesphagediscoveryguide.helpdocsonline.com/home.
","pubmedId":"","doi":""},{"reference":"Russell DA, Hatfull GF. 2016. PhagesDB: the actinobacteriophage database. Bioinformatics 33: 784-786.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/bioinformatics/btw711"},{"reference":"Russell DA. 2017. Sequencing, Assembling, and Finishing Complete Bacteriophage Genomes. Methods in Molecular Biology,Bacteriophages : 109-125.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4939-7343-9_9"},{"reference":"Soding J, Biegert A, Lupas AN. 2005. The HHpred interactive server for protein homology detection and structure prediction. Nucleic Acids Research 33: W244-W248.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gki408"},{"reference":"Strathdee SA, Hatfull GF, Mutalik VK, Schooley RT. 2023. Phage therapy: From biological mechanisms to future directions. Cell 186: 17-31.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.017"},{"reference":"Wick RR, Judd LM, Gorrie CL, Holt KE. 2017. Unicycler: Resolving bacterial genome assemblies from short and long sequencing reads. PLOS Computational Biology 13: e1005595.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005595"}],"title":"Genome Sequence of Arthrobacter globiformis B-2979 Phage MUWow
","reviews":[],"curatorReviews":[]},{"id":"f01e366f-7826-479d-ab07-b498ce3cc7f6","decision":"publish","abstract":"We report the discovery and genome sequence of MUWow, an AY-cluster temperate bacteriophage with siphovirus morphology. MUWow was isolated from a soil sample from Columbus, MS, USA in 2024. It has a genome size of 55,034 bp with 94 predicted protein-encoding genes, 53 of which are assigned putative functions.
","acknowledgements":"We thank the Science Education Alliance program and community for their training and continuous support, including careful review of the genome annotation and manuscript, and Dr. Davida Crossley for discovering and sharing the phage.
","authors":[{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["conceptualization","investigation","project","supervision","writing_originalDraft","writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"bburnes01@gmail.com","firstName":"Brian S","lastName":"Burnes","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0009-0009-6715-776X"},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"rcsample01@gmail.com","firstName":"Robert","lastName":"Sample","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"bonyeagucha@muw.edu","firstName":"Benjamin","lastName":"Onyeagucha","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0000-0002-2108-0439"},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"jessholdercollins@gmail.com","firstName":"Jess H","lastName":"Collins","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"philipjamesevans98@gmail.com","firstName":"Philip J","lastName":"Evans","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"kaliyahjnae25@gmail.com","firstName":"Kaliyah J","lastName":"Moore","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"nypratt25@gmail.com","firstName":"Nykeria J","lastName":"Pratt","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"cadie018@gmail.com","firstName":"Cadie","lastName":"Wright","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":{"url":null},"extendedData":[],"funding":"This work was supported by the Mississippi INBRE, funded by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM103476. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of General Medical Sciences or the National Institutes of Health.
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/b48e2a0f86ffe93b9e491917c4b6cd37.png"},"imageCaption":"The 3 forward reading frames are shown in light shading, the 3 reverse reading frames are shown in dark shading, and trans-membrane proteins are shown in diagonal fill. Nine phams are fully conserved across the cluster: the portal protein (pham 307765), the head -to -tail adapter (pham 337836), the helix-turn-helix DNA binding protein domain (pham 336670), the SSB protein (pham 337856), the glutaredoxin/NrdH-like glutaredoxin/thioredoxin (pham 338233), the DNA helicase/methylase (pham 336516), a second helix-turn-helix DNA binding protein domain (pham 337870), the DNA polymerase III sliding clamp beta (pham 338056), and an additional conserved hypothetical protein (pham 338065) with no known function. Data analyzed September, 2026.
","imageTitle":"Genome annotation of phage MUWow
","methods":"","reagents":"","patternDescription":"Actinobacteriophages are known to be genetically diverse, and the isolation and characterization of novel actinobacteriophages contribute to our growing understanding of co-evolutionary dynamics and the development of phage therapy applications (Pope et al, 2015; Pedulla et al, 2003; Millhaven et al., 2023; Strathdee et al., 2023). We present the genome of MUWow, a bacteriophage isolated in 2024 from a soil sample collected in Columbus, Mississippi (GPS coordinates 33.493021 N, 88.419611 W), using Arthrobacter globiformis B-2979 as the isolation host.
Following standard procedures (Poxleitner et al., 2018), approximately 15 cm3 of soil was suspended in 35 mL PYCa medium and shaken at 37°C at 250 rpm for 2 h, followed by centrifugation at 2,000 g and vacuum filtration (0.22 µm filter) of the supernatant. This filtrate was inoculated with A. globiformis B-2979 and incubated at 30°C for 5 days at 250 rpm. An aliquot was spun at 14,000 g, filtered, and the filtrate plated in PYCa top agar containing A. globiformis B-2979. After 48 h, MUWow formed clear plaques with defined edges 2 mm +/- 0.1 mm (n=25) in diameter and was purified through two rounds of plating.
DNA was extracted from a lysate (Wizard DNA Clean-up kit, Promega), prepared for sequencing (NEBNext Ultrall FS kit), and sequenced (Illumina NextSeq 1000, XLEAP-P1 reagents) resulting in 1,536,867 single-end 100-bp reads with 2,633-fold coverage. Raw reads were trimmed with cutadapt 4.7 (using the option: –nextseq-trim 30) and filtered with skewer 0.2.2 (using the options: -q 20 -Q 30 -n -l 50) prior to assembly (Martin, 2011; Jiang et al., 2014; Wick et al., 2017; Gordon et al., 1998). As described by Russell (Russell, 2018), the genome was assembled (Newbler v2.9) (Margulies et al., 2005) and checked for completeness and genome termini (Consed v29.0) (Gonrdon et al., 1998), resulting in a genome 55,034 bp in length with 9-bp 3' single-stranded overhang ends and a GC content of 62.4%.
Using standard procedures (Pope et al., 2017), the software DNA Master v5.23.6 (Pope et al, 2018), Genemark v2.5p (Lukashin et al., 1998), and Glimmer v3.02 (Delcher et al., 1999) were used to automatically predict 98 putative protein-encoding genes. Start sites were refined using Starterator v485 (Pacey, 2016) and Blastp v2.13.0 (Altschul et al., 1990) alignments against the Actinobacteriophage protein database (Russell and Hatfull, 2017) and NCBI non-redundant protein sequences databases (Camacho et al, 2009). No tRNA genes were found using Aragorn v1.2.41 (Laslett and Canback, 2004) and tRNAscan-SE v2.0 (Lowe and Eddy, 1997). A total of 53 genes were assigned putative functions using BLASTp v2.13.0, Phamerator (Creshawn et al, 2011), and HHPred (searching against PDB_mmCIF70, SCOPe70, Pfam-A, and NCBI_Conserved_Domains databases) (Soding et al., 2005). deepTMHMM v1.0.24 (Krogh et al., 2001) and SOSUI (Hirokawa et al., 1998) detected 12 membrane proteins. Using the gene content similarity (GCS) tool at the Actinobacteriophage database and based on GCS of at least 35% of phages in the database, MUWow is assigned to the AY cluster (Pope et al., 2017; Jacobs-Sera et al., 2020). All software used default settings. The annotated genome is presented in Fig. 1.
As with other AY phages, all predicted genes are transcribed unidirectionally with the exception of a central region of genes transcribed in the reverse direction (Adams et al, 2025). MUWow is similar to other Cluster AY genomes which are organized with genes involved in structure and assembly in the first third of the genome, followed closely by genes involved in lysis, and then by genes associated with lysogeny towards the center of the genome (Adams et al, 2025). Genes related to recombination/replication are at the beginning of the last third of the genome.
The MUWow genome (55,034 bp) is characteristic of AY phages, which range from 49,447bp to 56,481 bp. It has a GC content of 62.4%, placing it in the bottom half of Cluster AY (62.1-63.6), and 99 genes, slightly above the median in the Cluster AY range of 89 to 104 genes. Similar to nearly all other Cluster AY phage, MUWow has 9-base 3' single-stranded ends with the sequence CGCCGGTGA. It encodes 9 phams (phage gene families) that are fully conserved across the cluster: the portal protein (pham 307765), the head -to -tail adapter (pham 337836), the helix-turn-helix DNA binding protein domain (pham 336670), the SSB protein (pham 337856), the glutaredoxin/NrdH-like glutaredoxin/thioredoxin (pham 338233), the DNA helicase/methylase (pham 336516), a second helix-turn-helix DNA binding protein domain (pham 337870), the DNA polymerase III sliding clamp beta (pham 338056), and an additional conserved hypothetical protein (pham 338065) with no known function (Data analyzed September, 2026). MUWow has two transmembrane proteins flanking its endolysin and a putative holin. The conservation of these flanking genes and its proximity to the lysin and holin genes suggests a role in phage lysis. All phages in the cluster encode genes associated with lysogeny, including 2 tyrosine integrases, one in the forward direction and the second downstream in the reverse direction. Downstream of these integrases, MUWow also contains a gene that is conserved across AY phages and has, in some instances, been functionally assigned as an excise. The presence of both tyrosine integrases and excise suggests MUWow may be temperate, which is consistent with experimental data demonstrating lysogen formation for other cluster AY phages (Hussain et al, 2025; Boyle, 2026).
Data availability
MUWow is available at GenBank under the accession No. PX307277 and at the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under SRR35152158.
","references":[{"reference":"Adams, S.; Burnes, B.; Gavin, H.; Hare, R.; Melton, J.; Ng, R.; Perez, T.; Stoulig, T.T.; Anders, K.R.; Page, S. 2025. Cluster AY Annotation Report. HHMI Science Education Alliance (SEA) Faculty Group, (Version 2.0). QUBES Educational Resources. doi:10.25334/Q2KF-HF29.
","pubmedId":"","doi":""},{"reference":"Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology 215: 403-410.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"reference":"Boyle, F., Sarah, S. 2026. Successful Lysogen Formation for Cluster AY Phage, Mapleville. HHMI Science Education Alliance (SEA) Faculty Group, QUBES Educational Resources. doi: 10.25334/JG78-Z971.
","pubmedId":"","doi":""},{"reference":"Camacho C, Coulouris G, Avagyan V, Ma N, Papadopoulos J, Bealer K, Madden TL. 2009. BLAST+: architecture and applications. BMC Bioinformatics 10: 10.1186/1471-2105-10-421.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1186/1471-2105-10-421"},{"reference":"Cresawn SG, Bogel M, Day N, Jacobs-Sera D, Hendrix RW, Hatfull GF. 2011. Phamerator: a bioinformatic tool for comparative bacteriophage genomics. BMC Bioinformatics 12: 10.1186/1471-2105-12-395.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1186/1471-2105-12-395"},{"reference":"Delcher A. 1999. Improved microbial gene identification with GLIMMER. Nucleic Acids Research 27: 4636-4641.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/27.23.4636"},{"reference":"Gordon D, Abajian C, Green P. 1998. Consed: A Graphical Tool for Sequence Finishing. Genome Research 8: 195-202.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1101/gr.8.3.195"},{"reference":"Hirokawa T, Boon-Chieng S, Mitaku S. 1998. SOSUI: classification and secondary structure prediction system for membrane proteins.. Bioinformatics 14: 378-379.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/bioinformatics/14.4.378"},{"reference":"Hussain, K.; Ali, R.; Perez, T. 2025. Successful Lysogen Formation for Cluster AY Phage, CookieBear. HHMI Science Education Alliance (SEA) Faculty Group, QUBES Educational Resources. doi:10.25334/N130-MH46.
","pubmedId":"","doi":""},{"reference":"Jacobs-Sera D, Abad LA, Alvey RM, Anders KR, Aull HG, Bhalla SS, et al., Hatfull. 2020. Genomic diversity of bacteriophages infecting Microbacterium spp. PLOS ONE 15: e0234636.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0234636"},{"reference":"Jiang H, Lei R, Ding SW, Zhu S. 2014. Skewer: a fast and accurate adapter trimmer for next-generation sequencing paired-end reads. BMC Bioinformatics 15: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-182.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1186/1471-2105-15-182"},{"reference":"Krogh A, Larsson Br, von Heijne G, Sonnhammer ELL. 2001. Predicting transmembrane protein topology with a hidden markov model: application to complete genomes11Edited by F. Cohen. Journal of Molecular Biology 305: 567-580.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1006/jmbi.2000.4315"},{"reference":"Laslett D. 2004. ARAGORN, a program to detect tRNA genes and tmRNA genes in nucleotide sequences. Nucleic Acids Research 32: 11-16.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkh152"},{"reference":"Lowe TM, Eddy SR. 1997. tRNAscan-SE: A Program for Improved Detection of Transfer RNA Genes in Genomic Sequence. Nucleic Acids Research 25: 955-964.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/25.5.955"},{"reference":"Lukashin A. 1998. GeneMark.hmm: new solutions for gene finding. Nucleic Acids Research 26: 1107-1115.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/26.4.1107"},{"reference":"Pacey M. 2016. Starterator guide. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Available from: https://seaphages.org/media/docs/Starterator_Guide_2016.pdf
","pubmedId":"","doi":""},{"reference":"Pope WH, Bowman CA, Russell DA, Jacobs-Sera D, Asai DJ, Cresawn SG, et al., undefined. 2015. Whole genome comparison of a large collection of mycobacteriophages reveals a continuum of phage genetic diversity. eLife 4: 10.7554/elife.06416.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.7554/eLife.06416"},{"reference":"Pope WH, Mavrich TN, Garlena RA, Guerrero-Bustamante CA, Jacobs-Sera D, Montgomery MT, et al., Hatfull. 2017. Bacteriophages of\n Gordonia\n spp. Display a Spectrum of Diversity and Genetic Relationships. mBio 8: 10.1128/mbio.01069-17.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1128/mBio.01069-17"},{"reference":"Pope WH, Jacobs-Sera D. 2017. Annotation of Bacteriophage Genome Sequences Using DNA Master: An Overview. Methods in Molecular Biology,Bacteriophages : 217-229.
","pubmedId":"","doi":": 10.1007/978-1-4939-7343-9_16"},{"reference":"Margulies M, Egholm M, Altman WE, Attiya S, Bader JS, Bemben LA, et al., Rothberg. 2005. Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors. Nature 437: 376-380.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1038/nature03959"},{"reference":"Martin M. 2011. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet.journal 17: 10.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.14806/ej.17.1.200"},{"reference":"Milhaven M, Versoza CJ, Garg A, Cai L, Cherian S, Johnson K, et al., Pfeifer. 2023. Microbacterium Cluster EA Bacteriophages: Phylogenomic Relationships and Host Range Predictions. Microorganisms 11: 170.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms11010170"},{"reference":"Pedulla ML, Ford ME, Houtz JM, Karthikeyan T, Wadsworth C, Lewis JA, et al., Hatfull. 2003. Origins of Highly Mosaic Mycobacteriophage Genomes. Cell 113: 171-182.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00233-2"},{"reference":"Pope WH, Bowman CA, Russell DA, Jacobs-Sera D, Asai DJ, Cresawn SG, et al., undefined. 2015. Whole genome comparison of a large collection of mycobacteriophages reveals a continuum of phage genetic diversity. eLife 4: 10.7554/elife.06416.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.7554/eLife.06416"},{"reference":"Poxleitner M, Pope W, Jacobs-Sera D, Sivanathan V, Hatfull G. 2018. Phage discovery Guide. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD. Available from: https://seaphagesphagediscoveryguide.helpdocsonline.com/home.
","pubmedId":"","doi":""},{"reference":"Russell DA, Hatfull GF. 2016. PhagesDB: the actinobacteriophage database. Bioinformatics 33: 784-786.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/bioinformatics/btw711"},{"reference":"Russell DA. 2017. Sequencing, Assembling, and Finishing Complete Bacteriophage Genomes. Methods in Molecular Biology,Bacteriophages : 109-125.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4939-7343-9_9"},{"reference":"Soding J, Biegert A, Lupas AN. 2005. The HHpred interactive server for protein homology detection and structure prediction. Nucleic Acids Research 33: W244-W248.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gki408"},{"reference":"Strathdee SA, Hatfull GF, Mutalik VK, Schooley RT. 2023. Phage therapy: From biological mechanisms to future directions. Cell 186: 17-31.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.017"},{"reference":"Wick RR, Judd LM, Gorrie CL, Holt KE. 2017. Unicycler: Resolving bacterial genome assemblies from short and long sequencing reads. PLOS Computational Biology 13: e1005595.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005595"}],"title":"Genome Sequence of Arthrobacter globiformis B-2979 Phage MUWow
","reviews":[],"curatorReviews":[]},{"id":"4c4d73d8-baf5-47e2-9345-e52fc266ff03","decision":"publish","abstract":"We report the discovery and genome sequence of MUWow, an AY-cluster temperate bacteriophage with siphovirus morphology. MUWow was isolated from a soil sample from Columbus, MS, USA in 2024. It has a genome size of 55,034 bp with 94 predicted protein-encoding genes, 53 of which are assigned putative functions.
","acknowledgements":"We thank the Science Education Alliance program and community for their training and continuous support, including careful review of the genome annotation and manuscript, and Dr. Davida Crossley for discovering and sharing the phage.
","authors":[{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["conceptualization","investigation","project","supervision","writing_originalDraft","writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"bburnes01@gmail.com","firstName":"Brian S","lastName":"Burnes","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0009-0009-6715-776X"},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"rcsample01@gmail.com","firstName":"Robert","lastName":"Sample","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"bonyeagucha@muw.edu","firstName":"Benjamin","lastName":"Onyeagucha","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0000-0002-2108-0439"},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"jessholdercollins@gmail.com","firstName":"Jess H","lastName":"Collins","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"philipjamesevans98@gmail.com","firstName":"Philip J","lastName":"Evans","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"kaliyahjnae25@gmail.com","firstName":"Kaliyah J","lastName":"Moore","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"nypratt25@gmail.com","firstName":"Nykeria J","lastName":"Pratt","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, MS, USA"],"departments":["Department of Sciences and Mathematics"],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"cadie018@gmail.com","firstName":"Cadie","lastName":"Wright","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":{"url":null},"extendedData":[],"funding":"This work was supported by the Mississippi INBRE, funded by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM103476. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of General Medical Sciences or the National Institutes of Health.
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/b48e2a0f86ffe93b9e491917c4b6cd37.png"},"imageCaption":"The 3 forward reading frames are shown in light shading, the 3 reverse reading frames are shown in dark shading, and trans-membrane proteins are shown in diagonal fill. Nine phams are fully conserved across the cluster: the portal protein (pham 307765), the head -to -tail adapter (pham 337836), the helix-turn-helix DNA binding protein domain (pham 336670), the SSB protein (pham 337856), the glutaredoxin/NrdH-like glutaredoxin/thioredoxin (pham 338233), the DNA helicase/methylase (pham 336516), a second helix-turn-helix DNA binding protein domain (pham 337870), the DNA polymerase III sliding clamp beta (pham 338056), and an additional conserved hypothetical protein (pham 338065) with no known function. Data analyzed September, 2026.
","imageTitle":"Genome annotation of phage MUWow
","methods":"","reagents":"","patternDescription":"Actinobacteriophages are known to be genetically diverse, and the isolation and characterization of novel actinobacteriophages contribute to our growing understanding of co-evolutionary dynamics and the development of phage therapy applications (Pope et al, 2015; Pedulla et al, 2003; Millhaven et al., 2023; Strathdee et al., 2023). We present the genome of MUWow, a bacteriophage isolated in 2024 from a soil sample collected in Columbus, Mississippi (GPS coordinates 33.493021 N, 88.419611 W), using Arthrobacter globiformis B-2979 as the isolation host.
Following standard procedures (Poxleitner et al., 2018), approximately 15 cm3 of soil was suspended in 35 mL PYCa medium and shaken at 37°C at 250 rpm for 2 h, followed by centrifugation at 2,000 g and vacuum filtration (0.22 µm filter) of the supernatant. This filtrate was inoculated with A. globiformis B-2979 and incubated at 30°C for 5 days at 250 rpm. An aliquot was spun at 14,000 g, filtered, and the filtrate plated in PYCa top agar containing A. globiformis B-2979. After 48 h, MUWow formed clear plaques with defined edges 2 mm +/- 0.1 mm (n=25) in diameter and was purified through two rounds of plating.
DNA was extracted from a lysate (Wizard DNA Clean-up kit, Promega), prepared for sequencing (NEBNext Ultrall FS kit), and sequenced (Illumina NextSeq 1000, XLEAP-P1 reagents) resulting in 1,536,867 single-end 100-bp reads with 2,633-fold coverage. Raw reads were trimmed with cutadapt 4.7 (using the option: –nextseq-trim 30) and filtered with skewer 0.2.2 (using the options: -q 20 -Q 30 -n -l 50) prior to assembly (Martin, 2011; Jiang et al., 2014; Wick et al., 2017; Gordon et al., 1998). As described by Russell (Russell, 2018), the genome was assembled (Newbler v2.9) (Margulies et al., 2005) and checked for completeness and genome termini (Consed v29.0) (Gonrdon et al., 1998), resulting in a genome 55,034 bp in length with 9-bp 3' single-stranded overhang ends and a GC content of 62.4%.
Using standard procedures (Pope et al., 2017), the software DNA Master v5.23.6 (Pope et al, 2018), Genemark v2.5p (Lukashin et al., 1998), and Glimmer v3.02 (Delcher et al., 1999) were used to automatically predict 98 putative protein-encoding genes. Start sites were refined using Starterator v485 (Pacey, 2016) and Blastp v2.13.0 (Altschul et al., 1990) alignments against the Actinobacteriophage protein database (Russell and Hatfull, 2017) and NCBI non-redundant protein sequences databases (Camacho et al, 2009). No tRNA genes were found using Aragorn v1.2.41 (Laslett and Canback, 2004) and tRNAscan-SE v2.0 (Lowe and Eddy, 1997). A total of 53 genes were assigned putative functions using BLASTp v2.13.0, Phamerator (Creshawn et al, 2011), and HHPred (searching against PDB_mmCIF70, SCOPe70, Pfam-A, and NCBI_Conserved_Domains databases) (Soding et al., 2005). deepTMHMM v1.0.24 (Krogh et al., 2001) and SOSUI (Hirokawa et al., 1998) detected 12 membrane proteins. Using the gene content similarity (GCS) tool at the Actinobacteriophage database and based on GCS of at least 35% of phages in the database, MUWow is assigned to the AY cluster (Pope et al., 2017; Jacobs-Sera et al., 2020). All software used default settings. The annotated genome is presented in Fig. 1.
As with other AY phages, all predicted genes are transcribed unidirectionally with the exception of a central region of genes transcribed in the reverse direction (Adams et al, 2025). MUWow is similar to other Cluster AY genomes which are organized with genes involved in structure and assembly in the first third of the genome, followed closely by genes involved in lysis, and then by genes associated with lysogeny towards the center of the genome (Adams et al, 2025). Genes related to recombination/replication are at the beginning of the last third of the genome.
The MUWow genome (55,034 bp) is characteristic of AY phages, which range from 49,447bp to 56,481 bp. It has a GC content of 62.4%, placing it in the bottom half of Cluster AY (62.1-63.6), and 99 genes, slightly above the median in the Cluster AY range of 89 to 104 genes. Similar to nearly all other Cluster AY phage, MUWow has 9-base 3' single-stranded ends with the sequence CGCCGGTGA. It encodes 9 phams (phage gene families) that are fully conserved across the cluster: the portal protein (pham 307765), the head -to -tail adapter (pham 337836), the helix-turn-helix DNA binding protein domain (pham 336670), the SSB protein (pham 337856), the glutaredoxin/NrdH-like glutaredoxin/thioredoxin (pham 338233), the DNA helicase/methylase (pham 336516), a second helix-turn-helix DNA binding protein domain (pham 337870), the DNA polymerase III sliding clamp beta (pham 338056), and an additional conserved hypothetical protein (pham 338065) with no known function (Data analyzed September, 2026). MUWow has two transmembrane proteins flanking its endolysin and a putative holin. The conservation of these flanking genes and its proximity to the lysin and holin genes suggests a role in phage lysis. All phages in the cluster encode genes associated with lysogeny, including 2 tyrosine integrases, one in the forward direction and the second downstream in the reverse direction. Downstream of these integrases, MUWow also contains a gene that is conserved across AY phages and has, in some instances, been functionally assigned as an excise. The presence of both tyrosine integrases and excise suggests MUWow may be temperate, which is consistent with experimental data demonstrating lysogen formation for other cluster AY phages (Hussain et al, 2025; Boyle, 2026).
Data availability
MUWow is available at GenBank under the accession No. PX307277 and at the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under SRR35152158.
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","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005595"}],"title":"Genome Sequence of Arthrobacter globiformis B-2979 Phage MUWow
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